Hedera Hashgraph vs Blockchain vs Tangle

Bitcoin cryptocurrency blockchain is usually considered as the original blockchain of version 1.0, since this is the first modern implementation of the distributed ledger technology (DLT). Over time, blockchain 1.0 has evolved into Ethereum, which is considered to be the blockchain version 2.0. And now we are probably observing the birth of blockchain 3.0 in the form of Tangle or Hashgraph.

But such a division of blockchain development into three stages is a simplification, since blockchain 3.0 does not have a “block chain”. Instead, the third generation DLT uses an oriented acyclic graph (DAG). From the article you will learn why DAG is called post-blockchain concept and how Tangle and Hedera Hashgraph differ from traditional blockchains.

The apparent weakness of the current blockchains

Judging by the headlines in the press, the blockchains of the first and second generation have already turned the world upside down. It seems that there is not a single sphere wherever the new technology has penetrated. However, in practice, the situation is somewhat different.

Blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum have an important limitation that slows their implementation in the real sector. Speech on the problem of scalability: a critical reduction in throughput and transaction speed with a significant increase in transaction volumes. So, Bitcoin blockchain can process up to 7 operations per second (TPS), Ethereum - 20 TPS. PayPal or Visa has a much higher throughput: 200 and 56,000 TPS accordingly.

The problem of scalability arose from the fact that the developers of these blockchains had to solve the so-called blockchain trilemma, when of the three qualities — decentralization, security, and scalability — we must give preference to two.




The creators of Bitcoin and Ethereum chose security and decentralization, so their systems are not scalable. The developers of private blockchains (Hyperledger, R3 Corda, Quorum) refused to decentralize in favor of speed. In order not to compromise and get all three qualities of the trilemma, you need to reinvent the way to build a decentralized network.

Solving the scalability problem

The developers and supporters of Bitcoin and Ethereum are aware of the weakness of their ecosystems and are trying to eliminate it through various updates. As for Bitcoin, here the main challengers for solving the problem of scalability are the technologies of Lightning Network and RootStock. In the case of Ethereum, at the top of the list are Sharding, Plasma and Caspar technologies.

Lightning Network or Sharding is a kind of add-on over the main blockchain network based on the following idea: not all network participants need to know all the information about transaction history in order to maintain effective network synchronization. This idea is the basis of the directed acyclic graph (DAG) approach.




The blockchain is based on a "vertical architecture", while the DAG operates on a "horizontal" scheme. In a blockchain network, transactions are grouped into new blocks, which are then added to the blockchain chain. In a “horizontal” DAG network, transactions are directly linked to other transactions, grouping them into blocks.

How DAG works

Directed. When a payment is made on the DAG network, it creates a connection with two (or more) last payments made on the network before it checks the balance and authenticity of older payments, and if everything is fine, the new payment confirms them.




Since new payments always check old ones, it is believed that the older the payment, the more “legitimate” it is and the harder to be cancelled. This is what is meant by the word “Directed” in the abbreviation DAG.

Acyclic. Literally means "not in a cycle." In the case of networks where new payments confirm old ones, this means that an old, already verified payment never checks a new one. That is, verification always goes ahead and never creates a similarity of at least some cycle.




Graph. The name of the payment and connection schedule. In the graph below: parallel lines are the history of records of nodes (users), circles are events (transactions), lines between events are connections from new events to old ones.




Since the DAG structure is similar to the web of verification, it is often called a tangle. And although this is not a blockchain, Tangle has the same properties as a decentralized blockchain: a distribution registry based on a peer-to-peer network. Consequently, Tangle, like the blockchain, is a mechanism for validating distributed decision making.

Tangle Network Principles

When we discuss Tangle with our clients at Merehead, we always emphasize one thing: it’s no longer just a "blockless chain" for simple IoT sensors. With the release of IOTA 2.0, Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) technology has made a massive leap forward.

The most significant shift today is the implementation of fully decentralized consensus without a Coordinator. Previously, Tangle faced criticism for centralization, but the new architecture utilizes "Mana" (a node reputation system), making the network both resilient and lightning-fast.




Why this matters for your business in 2026:

• Feeless Smart Contracts: IOTA now supports smart contracts with zero or near-zero fees—a feat even Ethereum’s L2 solutions struggle to match.


• Parallel Processing: Unlike traditional blockchains where transactions wait in a linear queue, Tangle processes them in parallel. The more active the network becomes, the higher its throughput scales.


• Digital Product Passports (DPP): We recommend Tangle for projects requiring full traceability (supply chain), as the DAG structure allows for high-frequency data logging without "gas" price volatility.

Hashgraph: the latest generation of DLT

Hashgraph is another way to build a distribution ledger (DLT). It was developed by Leemon Baird in mid-2016, focusing on the needs of the private corporate sector. Intellectual property on Hashgraph is owned by Swirlds, so the software for creating private DLTs is called Swirlds Hashgraph.

Advantages of Swirlds Hashgraph:

• speed - up to 100,000 transactions per second;


• immutability of transaction history;


• resistance to DDoS attacks;


• disposable DLT.

Swirlds Hashgraph is not a blockchain, so cryptocurrency HYIP has bypassed technology. But it was noticed by banks: a consortium of 6,000 banks in North America, formed by the Union National Association (CUNA) and the Mountain West Credit Union Association (MWCUA), chose Swirlds Hashgraph to create a corporate network common to all.

Thanks to this success, Swirlds decided to launch the Hedera Hashgraph Platform. In fact, this is an analogue of the Ethereum network, only without the traditional blockchain and with a different management model. At the top of the food chain of the platform is the Hedera Governing Council, which has 39 members (private and legal entities), and they will determine the path of development of the project. Swirlds management picks board members. Five council members are already selected: T-Labs, DLA Piper, Nomura Holdings, Swisscom Blockchain and Luiza magazine.

Thus, the management of Hedera Hashgraph will be carried out according to the type of a multinational company (consortium), which more closely resembles the Visa management model, rather than Bitcoin and Ethereum. The same applies to intellectual property: hard forks in the Hedera Hashgraph network are impossible, because the software is protected by copyright.

How Hedera Hashgraph Works

As with Tangle, Hedera Hashgraph is not a blockchain. Unlike the blockchain, where information is stored in blocks, Hedera Hashgraph information is stored in hashes (hence the name “hashgraph”), which describe certain “events”.




Within each event, transaction records that are known to one participant and supposedly unknown to other participants: a timestamp, two different parent hashes, and one or more transactions. Like Tangle, Hashgraph creates an extensive pattern from events (or transactions), where transactions are arranged in chronological order, so that their history can be traced.




The operation of the platform and the exchange of hashes between participants takes place via the Gossip protocol: when an event occurs, the node transmits data to it to two other random nodes, which transmit them to two other nodes (in the total already four), and so on. This leads to an exponential spread of information throughout the network.

However, simply distributing information is not enough to reach a consensus on the total amount of information on the network. To do this, each participant in the system (node) must know the transaction history, that is, the exact chronology of all individual transactions (transaction timestamps).

In Hashgraph, the “Gossip about Gossip” consensus algorithm is responsible for this: each node on the network shares all of its information about which node, when and with whom it communicated or, technically speaking, each device shares its own data on the hash graph (exact order of all transactions ever performed on the Hedera Hashgraph network).

Since each node always has a current hash graph, it always knows the entire transaction history. This circumstance makes it possible for Hashgraph to be called “virtual voting”: since all nodes have a copy of transaction history and information about who received the information at a given time, each node can calculate how the other nodes behave.

That is, each node knows in advance the decision of the other without making an active, effective decision (vote). This “vote without a vote” and allows you to reach a network of consensus. In a short time and without the need for a resource-intensive procedure for coordinating nodes among themselves.

Mathematical proof of stability

Interestingly, the consensus algorithm used in the Hedera Hashgraph network has been used in practice for more than 35 years (in a slightly different form). And it is so well made that it has a “mathematically confirmed level of security.” That is, according to mathematical calculations, it is very difficult (if not impossible) to outwit.

That is why the developers of Hedera Hashgraph cite mathematical proofs of reliability, saying that their network is the only DLT technology with asynchronous Byzantine error tolerance (A-BFT, or aBFT). This means that while less than one third of the network participants do not want to fool the network, the system can always find a consensus on the network status and transaction history. This is considered to be the highest degree of security that an algorithm of consensus can provide.

Decision Matrix: Which Technology Fits Your Project?

Choosing between Blockchain, Hashgraph, and Tangle isn't about finding the "best" tech—it’s about finding the right fit for your specific business model. We’ve developed this matrix based on our hands-on experience delivering over 100 DLT projects.

Business Goal	Recommended Tech	Why It Works
Global DeFi or NFT Market	Blockchain (Ethereum/L2)	Deepest liquidity, a massive developer ecosystem, and battle-tested standards (ERC-20).
Enterprise Solutions / Fintech	Hedera Hashgraph	Predictable transaction costs (fixed in USD), high speed, and regulatory transparency via its Governing Council (Google, IBM, Ubisoft).
IoT / Micro-payments	Tangle (IOTA)	Zero transaction fees at the protocol level make it ideal for micro-data transfers between devices (M2M).
Supply Chain & Logistics	Tangle or Hashgraph	High write-speeds and the ability to handle massive data archives without escalating costs.

The future of Hedera Hashgraph

Safety. As a form of DTL, Hashgraph can change the structure of the modern Internet. The fact is that the Internet in its current form has a number of birth defects, the main of which is centralized servers and centralized data storage. It is because of this defect that hackers, BotNet, hacks, spam and DDoS attacks became part of the daily life of any Internet user.

Hashgraph can “cure” this defect by creating ecosystems where information is stored in the clear and is protected from hackers, falsification and DDoS attacks. Such systems will be able to serve anything - from the school network to the Pentagon’s security system. And almost everyone will be able to run them.

System isolation. In addition to the problem of security, the developers of Hedera Hashgraph also insist that they can solve the problem of isolating the Internet. Now the world wide web consists of a large number of isolated worlds (operating systems, devices, programs and web platforms), which by default are not connected with each other.

In order to connect these worlds, bridges are built between them (communication protocols, API), which are focused not so much on efficiency as on security. Therefore, such bridges are very resource intensive. If these worlds are built on the basis of Hedera Hashgraph, the need for bridges will disappear, and the connection between them will be carried out by default.
Scalability. Unlike traditional blockchain protocols, Hashgraph will allow you to create ecosystems with unlimited potential for scalability.

This will be possible due to two things:

• the capacity of Hedera Hashgraph-based systems increases with the number of active participants;


• members of Hedera Hashgraph-based networks will receive rewards for using the resources of their devices.

Paying for the use of resources is important because it will allow the network to be distributed among the devices of ordinary users, rather than centralized high-budget server stations. This will reduce the centralization of the system and at the same time increase the level of its security, since the more participants, the harder it is to hack the network.

This also contributes to the fact that the node in Hedera Hashgraph does not require a large amount of resources: disk space for storing transaction history (as in the Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchain), a powerful processor or video card for mining. The node in the Hedera Hashgraph can be a regular smartphone, and even its resources will not be fully utilized.

Internet speed and ping. Modern Internet seems to us quite fast compared to speeds that were 5 or 10 years ago. However, if you replace centralized servers that route data through the entire system with DLT-based networks, the connection speed between devices connected to the network will increase. Just few extra links will dissapedear.

In addition, DLT technologies will also allow ping to be minimized, since the devices will communicate either with each other or through a minimum number of intermediaries. For ordinary people, a gain of 10-30 milliseconds will not play a big role, but for the banking, medical and public sectors this will be a very big plus. As for all fans of virtual games.

FAQ: Expert Answers to Critical Questions

• Is Hedera Hashgraph safer than traditional Blockchain?

  Mathematically speaking, yes. Hedera utilizes the Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance (aBFT) algorithm. This is the "gold standard" for security in distributed networks, offering superior protection against DDoS and Sybil attacks compared to many early PoW/PoS blockchains. However, traditional blockchains often win on pure decentralization due to a higher number of independent nodes.




• Does Tangle (IOTA) support smart contracts in 2026?

  Absolutely. With the rollout of IOTA Smart Contracts (ISC), the network has become EVM-compatible. This means we at Merehead can port your existing Ethereum-based application to IOTA with minimal code changes, allowing you to reap the benefits of the DAG structure immediately.




• Why is Hashgraph faster than traditional Proof-of-Work (PoW)?

  In PoW blockchains (like Bitcoin), nodes waste time competing for the right to create a block. In Hashgraph, nodes don’t compete; they "gossip". Information about transactions spreads exponentially through a "Gossip about Gossip" protocol, achieving finality in 3–5 seconds rather than 10–60 minutes.